A vállalati incentív utazások biztonsági kockázatai
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2024.04.02Kulcsszavak:
incentív utazás, ösztönző utazás, turizmusbiztonság, kockázatészlelés, kockázatcsökkentésAbsztrakt
Az incentív utazásokat a vállalkozások a munkavállalóik ösztönzésére alkalmazzák, a témakör biztonsággal való kapcsolata kutatási résnek tekinthető. Jelen tanulmány célja az incentív utazásokon részt vevő munkavállalók kockázatészlelésének és kockázatcsökkentési stratégiáinak vizsgálata. A szerzők a kvalitatív kutatás során 43 olyan munkavállalót kérdeztek meg, akik 2017-2021 között utaztak incentív turisztikai célból. A vizsgálat során az utazásokon átélt veszélyeket, illetve a biztonságot garantáló elemek feltárását végezték el. Az incentív utazásokkal kapcsolatos kockázatészlelés tárgykörében hat másodrendű faktort tártak fel: a közbiztonság hiányából, az egészségi állapotból, a problémás teljesítményből, az információhiányból, a repüléssel és az utazással kapcsolatos félelmekből, valamint az incentív utazás jellegéből adódó aggodalmakat. A kutatás alapján meghatároztak három kockázatcsökkentő faktort: a bizalmat a munkaadóban, a helyszíni szolgáltatókban, valamint az önbizalmat és a magabiztosságot. Több gyakorlati javaslatot fogalmaztak meg: az incentív utazások előkészítésébe érdemes tapasztalt kollégákat bevonni, egy tájékoztató keretében felkészíteni az utazókat, valamint feladat a munkavállalók önbizalmának növelése.
Letöltések
Hivatkozások
Abraham, V., Bremser, K., Carreno, M., Crowley-Cyr, L., & Moreno, M. (2020). Exploring the consequences of COVID-19 on tourist behaviors: Perceived travel risk, animosity and intentions to travel. Tourism Review, 76(4), 701-717. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-07-2020-0344
Adam, I. (2015). Backpackers’ risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies in Ghana. Tourism Management, 49, 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.016
Bhati, A.S., Mohammadi, Z., Agarwal, M., Kamble, Z., & Donough-Tan, G. (2020). Motivating or manipulating: The influence of health protective behaviour and media engagement on post-COVID-19 travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(15), 2088–2092. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1819970
Bi, J., & Lehto, X.Y. (2017). Impact of cultural distance on international destination choices: The case of Chinese outbound travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2152
Boros, K. (2019). A hivatásturizmus meghatározásának terminológiai változásai a nemzetközi szakirodalomban. In J. Csapó, T. Gonda, & Z. Raffay (Szerk.), Turizmus, fogyasztás, generációk: II. Nemzetközi Turizmus Konferencia: Tanulmánykötet (pp. 248–257). Pécsi Tudományegyetem Közgazdaságtudományi Kar.
Boros, K. (2022). Kiemelt hivatásturisztikai szálláshelyek vizsgálata a magyar vidéken. In T. Rátz, G. Michalkó, & M. Zsarnóczky (Szerk.), Együttműködés, partnerség, hálózatok a turizmusban (pp. 102–117). Kodolányi János Egyetem, Csillagászati és Földtudományi Kutatóközpont Földrajztudományi Intézet, Magyar Földrajzi Társaság.
Brown, P., Daigneault, A.J., Tjernström, E., & Zou, W. (2018). Natural disasters, social protection, and risk perceptions. World Development, 104, 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.002
Buzády, Z., Wimmer, Á., Csesznák, A., & Szentesi, P. (2022). A munkahelyi flow-állapotot elősegítő vezetői képességek elemzése a komoly játék eszközével. Vezetéstudomány, 53(3), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2022.03.02
Byrnes, J.P., Miller, D.C., & Schafer, W.D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
Cakar, K. (2020). Tourophobia: fear of travel resulting from man-made or natural disasters. Tourism Review, 76(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2019-0231
Caldara, D., & Iacoviello, M. (2018). Measuring geopolitical risk. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2018.1222r1
Cavlek, N. (2002). The role of tour operators in the travel distribution system. In W.C. Gartner & D.W. Lime (Eds.), Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure and tourism (pp. 325–334). CAB International.
Chemli, S., Toanoglou, M., & Valeri, M. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 media coverage on tourist’s awareness for future travelling. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1846502
Chien, P.M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B.W., & Watson, B. (2017). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: A psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516665479
Cho, S., Woods, R.H., Jang, S.S., & Erdem, M. (2006). Measuring the impact of human resource management practices on hospitality firms’ performances. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25(2), 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.04.001
Cissell, M. (1987). Designing effective reward systems. Compensation and Benefits Review, 19(6), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/088636878701900605
Corley, K.G., & Goia, D.A. (2004). Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(2), 173–208. https://doi.org/10.2307/4131471
Craske, M.G., Stein, M.B., Eley, T.C., Milad, M.R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R.M., & Wittchen, H.U. (2017). Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17024. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.24
Cui, F., Liu, Y., Chang, Y., Duan, J., & Li, J. (2016). An overview of tourism risk perception. Natural Hazards, 82, 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2208-1
Dayour, F., Park, S., & Kimbu, A.N. (2019). Backpackers’ perceived risks towards smartphone usage and risk reduction strategies: A mixed methods study. Tourism Management, 72, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.003
Deng, R., & Ritchie, B.W. (2018). International university students’ travel risk perceptions: an exploratory study. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(4), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1142939
Dolnicar, S. (2007). Crises that scare tourists – investigating tourists’ travel-related concerns. In B. Prideaux, B. Laws & K. Chon (Eds.), Managing tourism crises (pp. 98–109). CABI Books. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845930479.0098
Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C.R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A.L., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A.M., Spiegelhalter, D., & van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID- 19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7–8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
Ernszt, I., Péter, E., Keller, K., & Tóth-Kaszás, N. (2018). Biztonsági kérdések a turizmusban, egy határ menti térség példáján keresztül. Turizmus Bulletin, 18(2), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2018v18n2.5
Foroudi, P., Tabaghdehi, S.A.H., & Marvi, R. (2021). The gloom of the COVID-19 shock in the hospitality industry: A study of consumer risk perception and adaptive belief in the dark cloud of a pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102717
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2004). Cultural differences in tourist destination risk perception: an exploratory study. Tourism, 52(1), 21–37. https://www.cabidigitallibrary. org/doi/full/10.5555/20043079119
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2006). Correlates of destination risk perception and risk reduction strategies. In M. Kozak & L. Andreu (Eds.), Progress in tourism marketing (pp. 161–170). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045040-7.50018-2
Gaissmaier, W., & Gigerenzer, G. (2012). 9/11, act II: A fine-grained analysis of regional variations in traffic fatalities in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks. Psychological Science, 23(12), 1449–1454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447804
Gelencsér, M., Végvári, B., & Szabó-Szentgróti, G. (2022). A munkaerő-megtartás és a well-being kapcsolatának elemzése nemzetközi kutatásokban: Szisztematikus irodalmi áttekintés. Vezetéstudomány, 53(6), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2022.06.04
Gibson, H., & Yiannakis, A. (2002). Tourist roles: needs and the adult life course. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 358–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00037-8
Hallahan, T.A., Faff, R.W., & McKenzie, M.D. (2004). An empirical investigation of personal financial risk tolerance. Financial Services Review, 5, 57–78. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8e52321f247b815fcc018b5e93f15e1691146312
Hampton, A. (1987). The UK incentive travel market: a user’s view. European Journal of Marketing, 21(9), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004713
Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Koseoglu, M.A., Lin, P.M.C., Park, J., Yu, J., & Kim, W. (2019). Halal tourism: Travel motivators and customer retention. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 36(9), 1012–1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1683483
Holland, J., Mazzarol, T., Soutar, G.N., Tapsall, S., & Elliott, W.E. (2021). Cruise passengers’ risk reduction strategies in the wake of COVID-19. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(11), 1189–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1962376
Incentive Research Foundation (2008). The market for incentive travel, motivational meetings, and special events. The Incentive Research Foundation.
Incentive Research Foundation. (2016). Incentive travel on the rise. The Incentive Research Foundation. http://theirf.org/research/incen-tive‐travel‐on‐the‐rise/1894/
Incentive Travel Index (2022). 2022 Survey Highlights. Incentive Travel Index. https://www.incentiveindex.com/executive-summary/
Institute of Risk Management (2018). A risk practitioners guide to ISO 31000: 2018. Institute of Risk Management. https://www.demarcheiso17025.com/document/A%20Risk%20Practitioners%20Guide%20to%20ISO%2031000%20%96%202018.pdf
Irimiás, A., Jászberényi, M., & Michalkó, G. (2019). Az innováció szerepe a turisztikai termékfejlesztésben. Irimiás A., Jászberényi M., & Michalkó G. (szerk.), A turisztikai termékek innovatív fejlesztése (pp. 9-18). Akadémiai Kiadó. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634544081
Isaac, R.K. (2019). The attitudes of Dutch market towards safety and security. In R. K. Isaac, E. Çakmak & R. Butler (Eds.), Tourism and hospitality in conflict-ridden destinations (pp. 39-55). Routledge.
Jancsik, A., Jászberényi, M., & Kökény, L. (2019). Az utazásszervezés új dimenziói. Akadémiai Kiadó. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630599535
Jászberényi, M., & Kotosz, B. (2009). Közlekedési szokások vizsgálata Budapest délnyugati agglomerációjában. Statisztikai Szemle, 87(2), 166–190. http://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archive/2009/2009_02/2009_02_166.pdf
Jeffrey, S.A. (2014). The motivational power of incentive travel: the participant’s perspective. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 15(3), 122–139.
Karl, M. (2018). Risk and uncertainty in travel decision- making: tourist and destination perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 57(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516678337
Kaszás, N., Tokodi, P., & Németh, K. (2023). Az egészségturizmus biztonsága – a turizmusbiztonság az egészségturizmusban. In G. Michalkó, J. Németh & Z. Birkner (Eds.), A biztonság szerepe a turisztikai termékfejlesztésben és menedzsmentben (pp. 13-28). Bay Zoltán Alkalmazott Kutatási Közhasznú Nonprofit Kft.
Keller, K., & Tóth-Kaszás, N. (2021). A turizmusbiztonság megjelenése az EU tagállamainak turisztikai stratégiáiban. Vezetéstudomány, 52(6), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.06.03
Kotler, P.T., Bowen, J.T., & Makens, J. (2010). Marketing for hospitality & tourism. Pearson Education.
Kozak, M., Crotts, J.C., & Law, R. (2007). The impact of the perception of risk on international travelers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(4), 233–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.607
Kökény, L., Kenesei, Z., Marton, Z., Birkner, Z., & Michalkó, G. (2022). Counterproductive risk-reduction strategy in travel-related decision-making. Anatolia, 35(1), 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2022.2142251
Kökény, L., & Kenesei, Z. (2022a). A COVID-19-pandémia jelentette félelmek hatása a nyaralás tervezése során felmerülő kockázatészlelésre. Turizmus Bulletin, 22(3), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2022v22n3.1
Kökény, L., & Kenesei, Z. (2022b). A turisztikai fogyasztók magatartásának vizsgálata a COVID-19-pandémia első hullámának árnyékában. Társadalomtudományi Szemle, 12(4), 30–53. https://doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2022.4.30
Kurtz, D.L., & Clow, K.E. (1997) Services marketing. John Wiley & Sons.
Larsen, S., & Brun, W. (2011). ‘I am not at risketypical tourists are’! Social comparison of risk in tourists. Perspectives in Public Health, 131(6), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913911419898
Lee, J.S., & Chiang. C.H. (2017). Exploring multidimensional quality attributes of incentive travels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(8), 2198–2214. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2016-0150
Lee, J.S., Choi, Y., & Chiang. C.H. (2017). Exploring the dynamic effect of multi-quality attributes on overall satisfaction: The case of incentive events. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 64, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.04.003
Lee, K.F., Haque, A., Maulan, S., Abdullah, K., & Tarofder, K. (2019). Risk reduction in Online flight reservation: The role of information search. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 8, 886–899. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-7092.2019.08.76
Lee, W., Park, S., & Jeong, C. (2022). Repositioning risk perception as a necessary condition of travel decision: The case of North Korea tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 52, 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.07.001
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(03)00024-0
Lewis, R.C. (1983). The incentive-travel market: how to reap your share. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 24(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088048302400104
Li, X., Lu, L., & Chi, C.G.Q. (2018). Examining incentive travelers: How motivation affects organizational commitment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2235
Lo, A.S., Cheung, C., & Law, R. (2011). Hong Kong residents’ adoption of risk reduction strategies in leisure travel. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.562851
Locke, M. (2010). A framework for conducting a situational analysis of the meetings, incentives, conventions, and exhibitions sector. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 11(3), 209–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2010.505473
Lőrincz, K., Formádi, K., & Ernszt, I. (2023). Towards a more resilient festival industry: an analysis of the adoption of risk management models for sustainability. Risks, 11(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11020045
Mair, J. (2014). Conferences and conventions: A research perspective. Routledge.
McCartney, G. (2008). Does one culture all think the same? An investigation of destination image perceptions from several origins. Tourism Review, 63(4), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370810912182
Michalkó, G. (2004). Tourism eclipsed by crime: the vulnerability of foreign tourists in Hungary. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v15n02_09
Mill, R.C., & Morrison, A.M. (1985). The Tourism System: An Introductory Text. Prentice-Hall.
Mitev, A.Z. (2019). Kutatásmódszertan a turizmusban. Akadémiai Kiadó. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634544135
Mowen, J.C., & Minor, M. (1998). Consumer behavior. Prentice Hall. https://books.google.co.kr/books?redir_esc=y&id=_SLZPfe0oDkC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=risk
Nkosi, G. (2010). The impact of crime of tourism in the city of uMhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 2, 76–81.
Nugraha, A.K.N.A., Hamin, H., & Elliott, G. (2022). The role and impact of risk reduction in leisure tourism. Annals of Leisure Research, 25(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2020.1744175
Page, S.J. (2009). Current issue in tourism: The evolution of travel medicine research: A new research agenda for tourism? Tourism Management, 30(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.011
Pappas, N. (2016). Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.007
Pratt, M.G. (2009). From the editors: For the lack of a boilerplate: Tips on writing up (and reviewing) qualitative research. Academy of Management Journal, 52(5), 856–862. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.44632557
Promsivapallop, P., & Kannaovakun, P. (2018). Travel risk dimensions, personal-related factors, and intention to visit a destination: A study of young educated German adults. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(7), 639–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1485718
Quintal, V., Sung, B., & Lee, S. (2021). Is the coast clear? Trust, risk-reducing behaviours, and anxiety toward cruise travel in the wake of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1880377
Raheem, I.D., & Roux, S. (2023). Geopolitical risks and tourism stocks: New evidence from causality-in-quantile approach. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 88, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2023.01.002
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2006). Cultural Differences in Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 20(1), 13–31. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v20n01_02
Richter, L.K. (2003). International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287503041004002
Ritchie, B., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812
Schmidli, H. (2017). Risk Theory. Springer.
Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J.L., & Kastenholz, E. (2013). Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.008
Seddighi, H.R., Nuttall, M.W., & Theocharous, A.L. (2001). Does cultural background of tourists influence the destination choice? An empirical study with special references to political instability. Tourism Management, 22(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00046-7
Shinew, K.J., & Backman, S.J. (1995). Incentive travel: an attractive option. Tourism Management, 16(4), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00018-J
SITE Foundation (2021a). Corporate inSITEs White Paper Edition 1. SITE Foundation. https://siteglobal.com/system/files/2021-11/2794_SN_SITE_WhitePaper_v10.pdf
SITE Foundation (2021b). Corporate inSITEs White Paper Edition 2. SITE Foundation. https://siteglobal.com/system/files/2021-11/2821_SN_CorporateInsitesSite_WhitePaper_Edition2_v3.pdf
SITE Foundation (2022). Corporate inSITEs White Paper Edition 3. SITE Foundation. https://siteglobal.com/system/files/2022-04/CorporateInSite%20WhitePaper%20Edition3.pdf
Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 322–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x
Slovic, P. (2016). Do adolescent smokers know the risk? Duke Law Journal, 47(6), 1133–1141. https://doi.org/10.2307/1373033
Society of Incentive Travel Executives (2014). About SITE—Who we are. Society of Incentive Travel Executives. http://www.siteglobal.com/p/cm/ld/fid=18
Sönmez, S.F., & Graefe, A.R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00072-8
Vos, A., Marinagi, C., Trivellas, P., Eberhagen, N., Skourlas, C., & Giannakopoulos, G. (2014). Risk reduction strategies in online shopping: e-trust perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 147, 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.122
Westwood, J. (1985). The Incentive Travel Market in the UK: Potential for Marketing Australia [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Surrey.
Wilks, J. (2006). Current issues in tourist health, safety and security. In J. Wilks, D. Pendergast, & P. Laggat (Eds.), Tourism in turbulent times: Towards safe experiences for visitors (pp. 3–18). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044666-0.50009-9
Williams, A.M., & Baláž, V. (2014). Tourism Risk and Uncertainty: Theoretical Reflections. Journal of Travel Research, 54(3), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514523334
Witt, S.F., Gammon, S., & White, J. (1992). Incentive travel: overview and case study of Canada as a destination for the UK market. Tourism Management, 13(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(92)90099-S
Wolff, K., Larsen, S., & Øgaard, T. (2019). How to define and measure risk perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 102759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102759
World Health Organization (WHO) (2012, January 1). International travel and health. W orld H ealth O rganization. https://www.who.int/ith/ITH_EN_2012_WEB_1.2.pdf?ua=1
Xiang, Z., & Formica, S. (2007). Mapping environmental change in tourism: A study of the incentive travel industry. Tourism Management, 28(5), 1193–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.11.002
Xie, C., Zhang, J., Morrison, A.M., & Coca-Stefaniak, J.A. (2021). The effects of risk message frames on post-pandemic travel intentions: The moderation of empathy and perceived waiting time. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(23), 3387–3406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1881052
Yang, E.C.L., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Arcodia, C. (2017). A Systematic Literature Review of Risk and Gender Research in Tourism. Tourism Management, 58, 89– 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.10.011
Zemke, R. (1988). Rewards and recognition: yes, they really work. Training, (November), 49–53.
Zhang, Y., Moyle, B., Dupré, K., Lohmann, G., Desha, C., & MacKenzie, I. (2023). Tourism and natural disaster management: A systematic narrative review. Tourism Review, 78(6), 1466-1483. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2022-0377
Zou, Y., & Meng, F. (2020). Chinese tourists’ sense of safety: Perceptions of expected and experienced destination safety. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(15), 1886–1899. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1681382
Downloads
Megjelent
Hogyan kell idézni
Folyóirat szám
Rovat
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors assign copyright to Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review. Authors are responsible for permission to reproduce copyright material from other sources.
