A Flow-élmény szerepe a hazai társadalmi vállalkozások vezetésében

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.02.03

Keywords:

social enterprise, flow, leadership, motivation

Abstract

Based on interviews with leaders of nine Hungarian social enterprises, the article explores their motivations, paying special attention to their own and their employees’ flow experiences and how it relates to material compensation. The theoretical part summarises Csikszentmihalyi’s flow theory and some empirical studies in management that have been conducted since its first publication. During the analysis of the interviews, the author puts particular emphasis on ‘popular’ definitions of flow and its perceived consequences in terms of the leaders own, as well as their employees’ work and the working environment and, as an alternative, on the role of the material motivations. The main message of the research is that social goals are much more important for flow experiences than is the balance of challenges and skills. However, for employee work satisfaction, it is also important that their material compensation should be proportionate with the value they have created, drawing our attention to employee participation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Sándor Takács, Corvinus University of Budapest

Full Professor

References

Abu-Saifan, S. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries. Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(2), 22-27. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/523

Agafonow, A. (2014). Toward a Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. On Maximizing Versus Satisficing Value Capture. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(4), 709713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1948-z

Bakacsi Gy. (2010). A szervezeti magatartás alapjai. Budapest: Aula.

Battilana, J., & Lee, M. (2014). Advancing research on hybrid organizing – Insights from the study of social enterprises. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 397–441. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.893615

Basdekidou, V.A. (2017). Green Entrepreneurship & Corporate Social Responsibility: Comparative and Correlative Performance Analysis. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(12), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p1

Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (Eds.) (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: The dependent variable of human performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2(2), 105—121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(67)90025-6

Bornstein, D. (1998). Changing the world on a shoestring. Atlantic Monthly, 281(1), 34–39.

Burke, R. J. (2000). Workaholism in organizations: Concepts, results and future research directions. International Journal of Management Research, 2(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00028

Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.

Butler T., & Waldroop J. (1999). Job Sculpting. Harvard Business Review, 77(5), 144-152.

Ceja, L., & Navarro, J. (2011). Dynamic patterns of flow in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(4), 627-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.747

Chell, E., Nicolopoulou, K., & Karatas-Özkan, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship and enterprise: International and innovation perspectives. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 22(6) 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2010.488396

Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self. A psychology for the 3rd millennium. New York: Harper Collins.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). If we are so rich, why aren’t we happy? American Psychologist, 54(10), 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.821

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). Good business: Leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. New York: Penguin.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (1992). The measurement of flow in everyday life: toward a theory of emergent motivation. In E. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 40, (pp. 57–97). Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.815

Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

Dees, J. G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Kauffman Centre for Entrepreneurial Leadership.

Defourny, J. & Nyssens, M. (2010): Conceptions of Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420670903442053

Defourny, J. & Nyssens, M.(2014). The EMES approach of social enterprise in a cornparative perspective. In Defourny, J., Hulgård, L., & Pestoff, V. A. (eds.), Social Enterprise and the Third Sector. Changing European Landscapes in a Comparative Perspective (pp. 42-66). London: Routledge.

Demerouti, E. (2006). Job characteristics, flow, and performance: the moderating role of conscientiousness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(3), 266-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.3.266

Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. Retrieved from https://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2162125

Eisenberger, R., Jones, J. R., Stinglhamber, F., Shanock, L., & Randall, A. T. (2005). Flow experiences at work: For high need achievers alone? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 755-775. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.337

Európai Bizottság (2011). Social enterprises. http:// ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/socialeconomy/ enterprises_hu

Greenhaus, J. & Beutell, N. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214

Hackman, J., & Oldham, G. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546

Herchey P., Blanchard K. (1982). Management of Organizational Behaviour: Utilizing Human Resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall.

Herzberg, F. (1968). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees. Harvard Business Review, 81(1), 3-11. (2003). Reprint of the original article https://hbr. org/2003/01/one-more-time-how-do-you-motivateemployees

Hunt J. (1988). Managing people at work (3rd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.

Kiss, J. (2018). A társadalmi vállalkozások megjelenése, intézményesülése és kapcsolódása a non-profit szektorhoz Magyarországon (Doktori disszertáció). ELTE TÁTK, Budapest.

Kiss J., & Mihály M. (2019). Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe. Updated country report: Hungary. Luxembourg: European Commission Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/social/ main.jsp?advSearchKey=socenterfiches&mode=advancedSubmit&catId=22

Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews. An Introduction to Qualitative Research Writing. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Laville, J-L., & Eynaud P. (2019). Rethinking social enterprise through philantropic and democratic solidarities. In Eynaud, P. et al. (Eds.), Theory of social enterprise and pluralism: Social movements, solidarity economy and the global South (pp. 18-43). New York: Routledge.

Leadbeater, C. (1997). The rise of the social entrepreneur. London, England: Demos.

Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165

Martin, R.L. & Osberg, S. (2007). Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2007(Spring), 29-39. https://community-wealth. org/content/social-entrepreneurship-case-definition

Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z

Mihály M. (2017) Mit értünk társadalmi vállalkozás alatt és miért kutatjuk? – Narratívák a nemzetközi szakirodalomból. Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek, 14(1), 101-115. https://matarka.hu/koz/ ISSN_1786-1594/vol_14_no_1_2017/ISSN_17851594_vol_14_no1_2017_101-115.pdf

Mózes, T., Magyaródi, T., Soltész, P., Nagy, H., & Oláh, A. (2012). A Flow-élmény operacionalizálásának útjai. Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle, 67(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1556/MPSzle.67.2012.1.5

Partington, S., Partington, E., & Olivier S. (2009). The dark side of flow: a qualitative study of dependence in big wave surfing. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 170-185. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.2.170

Pawar, B.S. (2016). Workplace spirituality and employee well-being: An empirical examination. Employee Relations, 38(6), 975-994. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2015-0215

Peters, P., Poutsma, E., Van der Heijden, B. I., Bakker, A. B., & Bruijn, T. D. (2014). Enjoying New Ways to Work: An HRM‐Process Approach to Study Flow. Human Resource Management, 53(2), 271-290. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21588

Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage through people: unleashing the power of the work force. Boston: Harvard Business University Press.

Pfeffer, J. (1998). Six dangerous myths about pay. Harvard Business Review, 76(3), 109-119. https://hbr. org/1998/05/six-dangerous-myths-about-pay

Pomerantz, M. (2003). The business of social entrepreneurship in a „down economy”. Business, 25(2), 25–30. https://www.academia.edu/10041656/THE_ BUSINESS_OF_SOCIAL_ENTREPRENEURSHIP_ IN_A_DOWN_ECONOMY_

Reis, T., & Clohesy, S. (1999). Unleashing the New Resources and Entrepreneurship for the Common Good: a Scan, Synthesis, and Scenario for Action. Battle Creek, MI: WK Kellogg Foundation.

Repisky, M., & Tóth, J. (2019) Mi motivál egy társadalmi vállalkozót? – Egy feltáró kvalitatív kutatás eredményei. Vezetéstudomány, 50(3), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2019.03.02

Scott, K. S., Moore, K. S., & Miceli, M. P. (1997). An exploration of the meaning and consequences of workaholism. Human Relations, 50(3), 287-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679705000304

SEFORÏS (2016). The State of Social Entrepreneurship. http://www.seforis.eu/

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (Eds.) (2000). Positive Psychology – An Introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Schüler, J. (2012). The dark side of the moon. In Engeser, S. (ed.), Advances in Flow Research (pp. 123-137). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2359-1_7

Sullivan, M. G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social entrepreneurship: Toward conceptualization. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(1), 76– 88. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.202

Tannenbaum R., & Schmidt W.H. (1958). How to choose a leadership pattern? Harvard Business Review, 36(March/April), 95-101.

Takács S., Csillag S., Kiss Cs., & Szilas R. (2012). Még egyszer a motivációról, avagy „Hogyan ösztönözzük alkalmazottainkat itt és most?”. Vezetéstudomány, 43(2), 2-17. http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/557/1/vt_2012n2p2.pdf

Thake, S., & Zadek, S. (1997). Practical people, noble causes: How to support community-based social entrepreneurs. London, England: New Economics Foundation.

Thatcher, A., Wretschko, G., & Fridjhon P. (2008). Online flow experiences, problematic internet use and internet procrastination. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5): 2236-2254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.10.008

Thompson, J. L. (2002). The world of the social entrepreneur. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 15(5), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550210435746

Yunus, M. (2009). Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York: Public Affairs.

Wiersma U.J. (1992). The effects of extrinsic rewards in intrinsic motivation: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(2), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00488.x

Downloads

Published

2021-02-09

How to Cite

Takács, S. (2021). A Flow-élmény szerepe a hazai társadalmi vállalkozások vezetésében. Vezetéstudomány Budapest Management Review, 52(2), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.02.03

Issue

Section

Studies and Articles