Sport seasons through the lenses of project management

Identifying the common key characteristics of sport seasons and projects

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2024.07-08.04

Keywords:

project, project management, sport project, sport season, life cycle

Abstract

There is a large amount of research on both successful project management and the management of professional sports organisations, but the relationship between these two phenomena remains to be analysed. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify the similarities between sports seasons and projects by examining the characteristics of these two domains, as well as to lay the foundations for defining the potential management practices that can improve the efficiency of seasons using tools and techniques derived from project management. The results will be obtained through a narrative literature review of relevant books and articles on projects and sports seasons. The outcome of this research will contribute to a better understanding of how sport organisations can streamline their operations, optimise performance and ensure successful sport seasons by potentially implementing a project management approach.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Máté Molnár, Corvinus University of Budapest

PhD student

References

Ajmal, M., Khan, M., & Al-Yafei, H. (2020). Exploring factors behind project scope creep – stakeholders’ perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 13(3), 483-504. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-10-2018-0228

Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time, and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International Journal of Project Management, 17(6), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00069-6

Babu A.J.G., & Suresh N. (1996). Project management with time, cost, and quality considerations. European Journal of Operational Research, 88(2), 320-327, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377 2217(94)00202-9

Berényi, L., & Deutsch, N. (2022). Vállalati sikertényezők fontosságának értékelése. In Karlovitz, J.T. (Eds.), Az ember és a gazdaság egészséges és biztonságos környezetben (pp. 9-18). International Research Institute.

Blaskovics, B. (2014) Az ICT szektorban működő projektvezetők személyes jellemzőinek hatása a projektsiker alakulására [Doktori értekezés]. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.14267/phd.2014082

Blaskovics, B., Szabó, L., Kádár, Z., Molnár, M., Tóth, N., & Tóth, J. (2023). Projektmenedzsment-érettség vizsgálata közszférában tevékenykedő szolgáltatásfókuszú vállalatok példája alapján. Vezetéstudomány, 54(4), 2-17. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2023.04.01

Borghesi, R. (2009). An examination of prediction market efficiency: NBA contracts on tradesports. The Journal of Prediction Markets, 3(2), 65-77. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2149601

Borland, J. (2006). The production of professional team sports. In W. Andreff & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of sport (pp. 22–26). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847204073

Bredillet, C. (2007). From the Editor. Project Management Journal, 38(2), 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/875697280703800201

Carron, A.V., Spink, K.S., & Prapavessis , H. (1997). Team building and cohesiveness in the sport and exercise setting: Use of indirect interventions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 61-72, https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209708415384

Chin, L.S., & Hamid, A.R.A. (2015). The Practice of Time Management on Construction Project. Procedia Engineering, 125, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.006

Chu, T.L., Zhang, X., Lee, J., & Zhang, T. (2020). Perceived coach-created environment directly predicts high school athletes’ physical activity during sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120959733

Cleland, D.I. (1994). Project Management – Strategic Design and Implementation (2nd edition). McGraw-Hill.

Collins, D., & Collins, L. (2020). Developing coaches’ professional judgement and decision making: Using the “Big 5”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1809

Coppalle, S., Rave, G., Ben Abderrahman, A., Ali, A., Salhi, I., Zouita, S., & Zouhal, H. (2019). Relationship of pre-season training load with in-season biochemical markers, injuries and performance in professional soccer players. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 426414. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00409

Cooke-Davies, T. (2002). The “real” success factors on projects. International Journal of Project Management, 20(3), 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00067-9

Cotterill, S.T., & Fransen, K. (2016). Athlete leadership in sport teams: Current understanding and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1124443

Croft, C., Paulson, C., Stokowski, S., Berri, D., & Mondello, M. (2023). The player makes the coach: Exploring player development among Division I basketball coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 18(3), 695-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221146384

Durdubas, D., Martin, L.J., & Koruc, Z. (2019). A Season- Long Goal-Setting Intervention for Elite Youth Basketball Teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 32(6), 529-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1593258

Ferkins, L., Kinner, J., & Swanson, S. (2018). Sport Leadership: A New Generation of Thinking. Journal of Sport Management, 32(2), 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0054

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329

Font, R., Karcher, C., Reche, X., Carmona, G., Tremps, V., & Irurtia, A. (2021). Monitoring external load in elite male handball players depending on playing positions. Biology of Sport, 38(3), 475-481. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2021.101123

Fotiadis, A. (2020). Sports Management, Project Management, and Sports Event Management. In Fotiadis, A. & Vassiliadis, C. (Eds.), Principles and Practices of Small- Scale Sport Event Management (pp. 1-19). IGI Global.

Francis, A.E., Webb, M., Desha, C., Rundle-Thiele, S., & Caldera, S. (2023). Environmental sustainability in stadium design and construction: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 15(8), 6896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086896

Frick, B., Prinz, J., & Winkelmann, K. (2003). Pay inequalities and team performance: Empirical evidence from the North American major leagues. International Journal of Manpower, 24(4), 472–488. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720310485942

Frick, B., & Simmons, R. (2008). The impact of managerial quality on organizational performance: Evidence from German soccer. Managerial and Decision Economics, 29, 593 600. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1431

Garcia-del-Barrio, P. & Szymanski, S. (2009). Goal! Profit Maximization Versus Win Maximization in Soccer. Review of Industrial Organization 34, 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-009-9203-6

Gido, J., Clements, J., & Baker, R. (2018). Successful Project Management. Cengage Learning.

Gilbert, W.D., & Trudel, P. (2001). Learning to Coach through Experience: Reflection in Model Youth Sport Coaches. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.21.1.16

Gillham, A., & Weiler, D. (2013). Goal setting with a college soccer team: What went right, and less than-right. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 4(2), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2013.764560

Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). The New Leaders. Harvard Business School Press. Görög, M. (2013). Projektvezetés a szervezetekben. Panem Könyvek – Taramix Könyvkiadó.

Guild, P., Lininger, M.R., & Warren, M. (2020). The association between the single leg hop test and lower- extremity injuries in female athletes: a critically appraised topic. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 30(2), 320-326. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0391

Hazar, H.H. (2014). Time Management tools and techniques for project management. Socio- economic Research Bulletin, 4(55), 57-62. http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/Vsed_2014_4_12.pdf

Healy, L., Tincknell-Smith, A., & Ntoumanis, N. (2018). Goal setting in sport and performance. In L. Healy, A. Tincknell-Smith, & N. Ntoumanis (Eds.), Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.152

Hicks, S.D., Onks, C., Kim, R.Y., Zhen, K.J., Loeffert, J., Loeffert, A.C, & Dretsch, M.N. (2023). Refinement of saliva microRNA biomarkers for sports-related concussion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 12(3), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.08.003

Higham, J., & Hinch, T. (2002). Tourism, sport and seasons: the challenges and potential of overcoming seasonality in the sport and tourism sectors. Tourism Management, 23(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00046-2

Hill, B., & Sotiriadou, P. (2016). Coach decision-making and the relative age effect on talent selection in football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(3), 292–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1131730

Jeong, Y.H., Healy, L.C., & McEwan, D. (2023). The application of goal setting theory to goal setting interventions in sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 474-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1901298

Judgev, K., & Müller, R. (2005). A Retrospective Look at Our Evolving Understanding of Project Success. Project Management Journal, 36(4), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/875697280503600403

Juntunen, M., & Lehenkari, M. (2019). A narrative literature review process for an academic business research thesis. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1630813

Keefer, Q. (2021). Sunk costs in the NBA: the salary cap and free agents. Empirical Economics, 61, 3445-3478, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01996-z

Kerzner, H. (2022). Project management case studies. John Wiley & Sons.

Késenne, S. (2006). The Win Maximization Model Reconsidered: Flexible Talent Supply and Efficiency Wages. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(4), 416-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002505279347

Kingston, K.M., & Hardy, L. (1997). Effects of different types of goals on processes that support performance. The Sport Psychologist, 11(3), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.11.3.277

Kingston, K.M., & Wilson, K.M. (2009). The application of goal setting in sport. In S. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.). Advances in Applied Sport Psychology: A Review (pp. 75–123). Routledge.

Kinnerk, P., Kearney, P.E., Harvey, S., & Lyons M. (2023) An investigation of high-performance team sport coaches’ planning practices. Sports Coaching Review, 12(3), 253-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2021.1990653

Knapik, J.J., Bauman, C.L., Jones, B.H., Harris, J.M., & Vaughan, L. (1991). Preseason strength and flexibility imbalances associated with athletic injuries in female collegiate athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659101900113

Kreiner-Phillips, K., & Orlick, T. (1993). Winning after winning: The psychology of ongoing excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 7(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.1.31

Kwak, Y.H., & Anbari, F.T. (2009). Analyzing project management research: Perspectives from top management journals. International Journal of Project Management, 27(5), 435-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.08.004

Labuschagne, C., & Brent, A.C. (2005). Sustainable Project Life Cycle Management: the need to integrate life cycles in the manufacturing sector. International Journal of Project Management, 23(1), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.06.003

Lath, F., Koopmann, T., Faber, I., Baker, J., & Schorer, J. (2021). Focusing on the coach’s eye; towards a working model of coach decision-making in talent selection. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 102011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102011

Lee, Y.H., & Chelladurai, P. (2017). Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, coach burnout, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in sport leadership. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1406

Li, Y., Wang, L., & Li, F. (2021). A data-driven prediction approach for sports team performance and its application to National Basketball Association. Omega, 98, 102123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2019.102123

Lis, A., & Tomanek, M. (2020). Sport management: Thematic mapping of the research field. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20, 1201-1208. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.s2167

Martens, A., & Vanhoucke, M. (2019). The impact of applying effort to reduce activity variability on the project time and cost performance. European Journal of Operational Research, 277(2), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.03.020

Martens, A., & Vanhoucke, M. (2020). Integrating Corrective Actions in Project Time Forecasting Using Exponential Smoothing. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36(5), 04020044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000806

Meredith, J.R., & Zwiakel, O. (2020). Achieving strategic benefits from project investments: Appoint a project owner. Business Horizons 63(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.007

Moore, E.W.G., Petrie, T.A., & Slavin, L.E. (2022). College Student-athletes’ COVID-19 Worry and Psychological Distress Differed by Gender, Race, and Exposure to COVID-19–related Events. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(4), 559-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.022

Myer, G.D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J.P., Faigenbaum, A.D., Kiefer, A.W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L.J. (2015). Sports Specialization. Part II: Alternative Solutions to Early Sport Specialization in Youth Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 8(1), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115614811

NBPA (National Basketball Player Association). (2023). 2023 NBA-NBPA Collective Bargaining Agreement. https://www.nba.com/news/nba-collective-bargaining-agreement-signed

NFLPA (National Football League Player Association) (2020). Collective Bargaining Agreement.

Oburu, A.O. (2020). Effective project time management. International Academic Journal of Information Sciences and Project Management, 3(6), 47-55. https://www.iajournals.org/articles/iajispm_v3_i6_47_55.pdf

Pankow, K., McHugh, T.L.F., Mosewich, A.D., & Holt, N.L. (2021). Mental health protective factors among flourishing Canadian women university student-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020

Pinto, J.K. (2020). Project Management – Achieving Competitive Advantage. Pearson.

Pires, D.A., & Ugrinowitsch, H. (2021). Burnout and coping perceptions of volleyball players throughout an annual sport season. Journal of Human Kinetics, 79(1), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0078

Pollack, J., Helm, J., & Adler, D. (2018). What is the Iron Triangle, and how has it changed? International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 11(2), 527-547. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-09-2017-0107

Prapavessis, H., Carron, A.A., & Spink, K.S. (1996). Team building in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 269-285. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286344440_Team_building_in_sport

Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th ed.). PMI Publications.

Project Management Institute (2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (7th ed.). PMI Publications.

Ratten, V., & Jones, P. (2020). New challenges in sport entrepreneurship for value creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16, 961-980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00664-z

Raykar, P., & Ghadge, A.N. (2016). Analyzing the Critical Factors Influencing the Time Overrun and Cost Overrun in Construction Project. International Journal of Engineering Research, 5(SP1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6969-6_6

Reinboth, M., & Duda, J.L. (2006). Perceived motivational climate, need satisfaction and indices of well-being in team sports: A longitudinal perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(3), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005

Ribeiro, A., Amaral, A., & Barros, T. (2021). Project Manager Competencies in the context of the Industry 4.0. Procedia Computer Science, 181, 803-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.233

Robertson, S., & Joyce, D. (2018). Evaluating strategic periodisation in team sport. Journal of sports sciences, 36(3), 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1300315

Salvador, A., Suay, F., González-Bono, E., & Serrano, M.A. (2003). Anticipatory cortisol, testosterone and psychological responses to judo competition in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(3), 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00028-8

Sarkar, M., & Page, A.E. (2022). Developing Individual and Team Resilience in Elite Sport: Research to Practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 13(1), 40- 53, https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2020.1861144

Sarlis, V., & Tjortjis, C. (2020). Sports analytics – Evaluation of basketball players and team performance. Information Systems, 93, 101562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2020.101562

Senécal, J., Loughead, T.M., & Bloom, G.A. (2008). A Season-Long Team-Building Intervention: Examining the Effect of Team Goal Setting on Cohesion. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(2), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.186

Severini, T.A. (2020). Analytic Methods in Sports: Using Mathematics and Statistics to Understand Data from Baseball, Football, Basketball, and Other Sports (2nd ed.). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367252090

Shenhar, A.J., & Dvir, D. (1996). Toward a typological theory of project management. Research Policy, 25(4), 607-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(95)00877-2

Strelicz, A. (2016) A kockázatirányítás új dimenziói – a holisztikus FMEA. Vezetéstudomány/Budapest Management Review, 47(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2016.01.02

Sullivan, M. (2004). Sport marketing. In J. Beech & S. Chadwick (Eds.), The business of sport management (pp. 128–153). Pearson Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-10-2018-0228

Thesing, T., Feldmann, C., & Burchardt, M. (2021). Agile versus waterfall project management: decision model for selecting the appropriate approach to a project. Procedia Computer Science, 181, 746-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.227

Tian, L., Li, Y., Li, P.P., & Bodla, A.A. (2015). Leader– member skill distance, team cooperation, and team performance: A cross-culture study in a context of sport teams. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.10.005

Torres-Ronda, L., Beanland, E., Whitehead, S., Sweeting, A., & Clubb, J. (2022). Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis. Sports Medicine – Open, 8(15),. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z

Urbinati, A., Landoni, P., Cococcioni, F., & De Giudici, L. (2020). Stakeholder management in open innovation projects: a multiple case study analysis. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(5), 1595-1624. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-03-2020-0076

Varga, J., & Csiszárik-Kocsir, Á. (2015): A gazdasági proaktivizmus hiánya a hazai gazdaságban és a válságkezelésben. In Csiszárik-Kocsir, Á. (Ed.), Vállalkozásfejlesztés a XXI. században V. tanulmánykötet (pp. 409-438). Óbudai Egyetem, Keleti Károly Gazdasági Kar.

Venkataraman, R.R., & Pinto, J.K. (2023). Cost and value management in projects. John Wiley & Sons. Verzuh, E. (2021): The Fast Forward MBA in Project Management (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Vlahoyiannis, A., Aphamis, G., Bogdanis, G.C., Sakkas, G.K., Andreou, E., & Giannaki, C.D. (2021). Deconstructing athletes’ sleep: A systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(4), 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.006

Wachsmuth, S., Jowett, S., & Harwood, C.G. (2020). Third Party Interventions in Coach Athlete Conflict: Can Sport Psychology Practitioners offer the necessary Support? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(1), 178-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1723737

Wagstaff, C.R., & Burton-Wylie, S. (2018). Organizational culture in sport: A conceptual, definitional, and methodological review. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 14(1), 32-52. https://shop.bps.org.uk/publications/publications-by-subject/sport-exercise-psychology-review-vol-14-no-2-september-2018.html

Ward, P., & Carnes, M. (2002). Effects of posting self-set goals on collegiate football players’ skill execution during practice and games. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-1

Weinberg, R., & Butt, J. (2014). Goal-setting and sport performance: Research findings and practical applications. In Papioannou, A. & Hackfort, D. (Eds.), Routledge Companion to Sport and Exercise Psychology (pp. 343-355). Routledge.

Downloads

Published

2024-07-11

How to Cite

Molnár, M. (2024). Sport seasons through the lenses of project management: Identifying the common key characteristics of sport seasons and projects. Vezetéstudomány Budapest Management Review, 55(7-8), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2024.07-08.04

Issue

Section

Thematic block: PM

Most read articles by the same author(s)