Drifting, Not Driving

Identity Structure Analysis to Explore Entrepreneurial Identity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2022.05.01

Keywords:

entrepreneurial identity, identity structure analysis, post-communist environment, communicative memory, ecosystem, gender differences, Covid-19 pandemic

Abstract

This study is an exploration of entrepreneurial identity, employing a culturally sensitive mixed methods approach, Identity Structure Analysis (ISA). The sample includes 30 small/micro entrepreneurs in Southern-Transdanubia, Hungary. Hungary had introduced some “staccato” economic reforms in the previous social system, changing communist hostility towards entrepreneurs as “capitalists” into lasting ambivalence. The results reflect indistinct commitments to entrepreneurial values; constant adaptation to environmental factors instead of building own strategies; and limited future expectations. In the two sub-samples of male and female entrepreneurs there were no statistically significant differences. The dominant, masculine discourse of entrepreneurship, the underdevelopment of social enterprises in Hungary, the impact of the previous communist discourse understanding equality as sameness, and the pandemic-induced crisis may explain for these findings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Rebeka Jávor, University of Pécs

Assistant Professor

Roger Ellis, Ulster University, Chester University

Professor Emeritus

Márta B. Erdős, University of Pécs

Associate Professor

References

Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x

Assmann, J. (2011). Communicative and cultural memory. In P. Meusburger, M. Heffernan, & E. Wunder (Eds.), Cultural Memories. The Geographical Point of View. Knowledge and Space (Vol. 4.) (pp. 15–27). Dordrecht, NL: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_2

Bell, R., Liu, P., Zhan, H., Bozward, D., Fan, J., Watts, H., & Ma, X. (2018). Exploring entrepreneurial roles and identity in the United Kingdom and China. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 20(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750318792510

Berne, E. (1968). Games People Play. The Psychology of Human Relationships. London, UK: Andre Deutsch Ltd.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

Csurgó, B. (2019). Vállalkozók, nők és vállalkozónők vidéken. Elméleti keretek a vidéki vállalkozónők kutatásához [Entrepreneurs, women, and female entrepreneurs in the countryside. Theoretical framework for the research of rural female entrepreneurs]. Társadalomtudományi Szemle, 9(4), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019.4.24

Demetry, D. (2017). Pop-up to professional: Emerging entrepreneurial identity and evolving vocabularies of motive. Academy of Management Discoveries, 3(2), 187–207. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2015.0152

Dodd, S. D. (2002). Metaphors and meaning: A grounded cultural model of us entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 17(5), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00072-6

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York, NY: Norton & Co.

Erskine, A., & Ellis, R. (2017, Aug. 27–28). An Introduction to Identity Exploration and our IpseusTM Software. [Workshop]. University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.

Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. California, CA: Stanford University Press.

Fodor, É. (2002). Smiling women and fighting men: The gender of the communist subject in state socialist Hungary. Gender & Society, 16(2), 240–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912430222104921

Fodor, É., Glass, C., & Nagy, B. (2019). Transnational business feminism: Exporting feminism in the global economy. Gender, Work & Organization, (26), 1117–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12302

Gender Equality Index. (2020). Comparing Power / Social scores for the 2020 edition. EIGE. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equality-index/2020/compare-countries/power/3/bar

George, G., Jain, S. K., & Maltarich, M. (2005). Academics or Entrepreneurs? Entrepreneurial identity and invention disclosure behavior of university scientists. Entrepreneurship & the Social Sciences eJournal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.799277

Gere, I. (1996). Vállalkozó nők a mai magyar társadalomban [Female entrepreneurs in the contemporary Hungarian society]. Közgazdasági Szemle, 43(12), 1115–1125. https://www.epa.hu/00000/00017/00022/pdf/gere.pdf

Gergen, K., & Gergen, M. (1997). Narratives of the Self. In L. Hinchman, & S. Hinchman (Eds.), Memory, Identity, Community: The Idea of Narrative in the Human Sciences (1st ed.) (pp. 161–184). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2021). GEM 2020/2021 Global Report. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20202021-global-report

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2019). GEM 2018/2019 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20182019-womens-entrepreneurship-report

Gruber, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2017). Entrepreneurial behavior: A reconceptualization and extension based on identity theory. Strategic Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 271– 286. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1262

Harré, R. (1998). The Singular Self. An Introduction to the Psychology of Personhood. London, UK: Sage.

Hoang, H. T., & Gimeno, J. (2010). Becoming a founder: How founder role-identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.07.002

Hogard, E. (2014). Evaluating the identity of program recipients using an identity exploration instrument. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 29(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjpe.29.1.1

Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2020). A regisztrált gazdasági szervezetek száma gazdálkodási forma szerint – GFO’14 [Numbers of registered enterprises according to main types]. KSH. https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_files/gsz/hu/gsz0002.html

Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry – Institute for Economic and Enterprise Research. (2013). Magyarország régióinak társadalmi-gazdasági profiljai [The Socio-Economic Profiles of the Hungarian Regions]. Budapest: MKIK Gazdaság- és Vállalkozáskutató Intézet.

Huszák, L. (2018). Másként vállalkozók? Társadalmi vállalkozások ma Magyarországon. [Entrepreneurs of an other kind? Social enterprises in Hungary today]. Magyar Tudomány, 179(3), 342–357. https://doi.org/10.1556/2065.179.2018.3.4

Ifempower. (2020). Women Entrepreneurs in Europe. Ifempower.

Jones, P., Ratten, V., Klapper, R., & Fayolle, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial identity and context: Current trends and an agenda for future research. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 20(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750319825745

Kassai, Á. (2020). Kiből lehet sikeres vállalkozó? Vállalkozói vezetői kompetenciák vegyes módszertanú vizsgálata. [What Makes a Successful Entrepreneur? Multi-method Analysis of Entrepreneurial Leadership Competencies]. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 51(9), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2020.09.05

Kézai, P., & Konczosné Szombathelyi, M. (2020) Nők a start-up vállalkozások világában Magyarországon. [Women in the World of Startup Entrepreneurs in Hungary]. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 51(10), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2020.10.05

Király, G. (2020). A vállalkozóképzés formái. [Models of Entrepreneurial Education]. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 51(9), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2020.09.04

Krátki, N., & Kiss, J. (2021). Szociális és egészségügyi területeken működő társadalmi vállalkozások üzleti működési modelljei. [Business Operating Models of Social Enterprises in the Social and Health Fields]. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 52(1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.01.01

Kelly, G. (1955). The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Kovács, É. (2012). Az emlékezet szociológiai elméletéhez. Társadalomtudományi Szemle, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2012.1.23

Kornai, J. (2015). Hungary’s U-Turn: Retreating from democracy. Journal of Democracy, 26(3), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0046

Laki, M. (1998). Kisvállalkozás a szocializmus után [Small enterprises after the state socialist era]. Budapest: Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány.

Leitch, C. M., & Harrison, R. T. (2016). Identity, identity formation and identity work in entrepreneurship: Conceptual developments and empirical applications. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(3–4), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1155740

Lundqvist, M., Williams Middleton, K., & Nowell, P. (2015). Entrepreneurial identity and role expectations in nascent entrepreneurship. Industry & Higher Education, 29(5), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2015.0272

Markowska, M., Härtel, C. E. J., Brundin, E., & Roan, A. (2015). A dynamic model of entrepreneurial identification and dis-identification: An emotions perspective. In C. E. J. Härtel, W. J. Zerbe, & N. M. Ashkanasy (Eds.), New Ways of Studying Emotions in Organizations (pp. 215–239). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.

McNabb, A. (2004). Enterprising identities: Gender and family influences. In P. Weinreich, & W. Saunderson (Eds.), Analysing Identity. Cross-Cultural, Societal and Clinical Contexts (pp. 277–295). London, UK: Routledge.

McNeill, C., Erskine, A., Ellis, R., & Traynor, M. (2018). Developing nurse match: A selection tool for evoking and scoring an applicant’s nursing values and attributes. Nursing Open, 6(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.183

Morris, M. H., Neumeyer, X., Jang, Y., & Kuratko, D. F. (2018). Distinguishing types of entrepreneurial ventures: An identity-based perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(3), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12272

Olasz, N. (2021). Nők a hazai kis- és közép IT-vállalkozásokban. [Women in Small and Medium IT Companies in Hungary]. Vezetéstudomány – Budapest Management Review, 52(8–9), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2021.09.08

Ollila, S., Middleton, K., & Donnellon, A. (2012, Nov. 7–8). Entrepreneurial identity construction – what does existing literature tell us? Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference. Dublin, Ireland.

Passmore, G., Ellis, R., & Hogard, E. (2014). Measuring Identity: A Review of Published Studies. London, UK: Buckinghamshire New University Press.

Robinson, N. (2007). The political is personal: Corruption, clientelism, patronage, informal practices and the dynamics of post-communism. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(7), 1217–1224.

Ruskin, J., Seymour, R. G., & Webster, C. M. (2016). Why create value for others? An exploration of social entrepreneurial motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12229

Schadt, M. (2003). „Feltörekvő dolgozó nő”. Nők az ötvenes években [Upward mobile women in the 1950s]. Pécs: Pro Pannonia Kiadói Alapítvány.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934/1983). The Theory of Economic Development. An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2018). Entrepreneurial Identity. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

Smith, J. A., & Osborn, M. (2008) Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods (pp. 53–80). London, UK: Sage.

Transparency International. (n.d.). Corruption Perception Index. Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/hun#

Weinreich, P. (2004). Identity structure analysis. In P. Weinreich, & W. Saunderson (Eds.), Analysing Identity: Cross-Cultural, Societal, and Clinical Contexts (pp. 7–76). London, UK: Routledge.

Weinreich, P. (2010a). A Guide to the Generation of a Well-Constructed ISA Instrument. Guidance for Usage of the IPSEUS Software. Identity Exploration.

Weinreich, P. (2010b). A Guide to the Interpretation of ISA Results. Identity Exploration.

Downloads

Published

2022-05-25

How to Cite

Jávor, R., Ellis, R., & B. Erdős, M. (2022). Drifting, Not Driving: Identity Structure Analysis to Explore Entrepreneurial Identity. Vezetéstudomány Budapest Management Review, 53(5), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2022.05.01

Issue

Section

Studies and Articles