The relationship between World Heritage Sites and tourism competitiveness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2020v20n1.2Keywords:
tourism competitiveness, TTCI, world heritage, sustainability, soft tourismAbstract
The objective of the current research is to assess the relationship between World Heritage Sites as tourist attractions and tourism competitiveness. A sample of 129 countries was analysed in 2014/15 and 2016/17 by multivariate regression analysis. The analysis established a positive significant relationship between the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index and the number of natural and cultural World Heritage Sites. Tourism competitiveness in the countries analysed was closely linked to GDP per capita – which illustrates to some extent the level of infrastructure, the business environment and the health and safety situation in the country. Whilst tangible examples of World Heritage were found to influence tourism competitiveness considerably, this is not true of oral and intangible cultural heritage practices. Similar results are known for the relationship between TTCI and tourism arrivals or tourism receipts, but no results are known for a multivariate assessment of TTCI and the number of World Heritage Sites.
References
AHMAD, A. (2014): The disengagement of the tourism businesses in ecotourism and environmental practices in Brunei Darussalam. Tourism Management Perspectives. 10. pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2013.12.002
ARONSSON, L. – SANDELL, K. (1999): Ort, Tourismus und Nachhaltigkeit. Ortszugehörigkeit und Ortslosigkeit als Aspekte eines konzeptionellen Rahmens für einen nachhaltigen Tourismus mit Beispielen aus Schweden. (Place, tourism and sustainability. Place attachment and placelessness as aspects of a conceptual framework for sustainable tourism with examples from Sweden.) Tourismus Journal. 3(3). pp. 357–378.
ÁSVÁNYI K. (2014): Kulturális turisztikai termékek, turisztikai attrakciók. In: Jászberényi M. (szerk.): A kulturális turizmus sokszínűsége.Nemzeti Közszolgálati és Tankönyv Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 23–33.
BACSI, ZS. (2017): Tourism and Diversity. Deturope.9(2). pp. 25–57.
BACSI, ZS. – KOVÁCS, E. (2007): Development features of cross border regions. Keszthely–Hévíz Kistérségi Többcélú Társulás – Nyugat-Balatoni Társadalomtudományi Kutatóműhely, Keszt hely.
BACSI, ZS. – KOVÁCS, E.(2016): Managing Health Tourism Destinations: Theory and Empirical Research in Hungary. Scholar’s Press, OmniScriptum, Saarbrücken.
BACSI, ZS. – TÓTH, É. (2019): World Heritage Sites as soft tourism destinations – their impacts on international arrivals and tourism receipts. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series.45(45). pp. 25–44. http://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0022
BEZZOLA, A. (1975): Probleme der Eignung und der Aufnahmekapazität touristischer Bergregionen der Schweiz, St. Galler Beiträge zum Fremdenverkehr und zur Verkehrswirtschaft. Vol. 7. Reihe Fremdenverkehr, Bern/Stuttgart.
BOO, E. (1991): Planning for ecotourism. Parks.2(3). pp. 4–8.
BOYD, S. W. – BUTLER, R. W. (1996): Managing ecotourism: An opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism Management. 17(8). pp. 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(96)00076-3
BROGGI, M. (ed) (1985): Sanfter Tourismus: Schlagwort oder Chance fur den Alpenraum?Vaduz: Commission Internationale pour las Protection des Regions Alpines (CIPRA).
CEBALLOS-LASCURAIN, H.(1987): The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal. 1. pp. 13–14.
CONRADIN, K. – ENGESSER, M. – WIESMANN, U. (2015): Four decades of World Natural Heritage – how changing protected area values influence the UNESCO label. Die Erde; Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin.146(1). pp. 34–46. https://doi.org/10.12854/erde-146-4
CROTTI, R. – MISRAHI, T. (eds) (2018): The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. World Economic Forum, Geneva.
DIN, H. B. – HABIBULLAH, M. S. – TAN, S. H. (2017): The Effects of World Heritage Sites and Governance On Tourist Arrivals: Worldwide Evidence. International Journal of Economics and Management. 11(2). pp. 437–448.
FEKETE M. (2006): Hétköznapi turizmus: A turizmuselmélettől a gyakorlatig. PhD-értekezés. Nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem Közgazdaságtudományi Kar, Sopron.
GARCÍA-HERNÁNDEZ, M. – DE LA CALLE-VAQUERO, M. – YUBERO, C. (2017): Cultural heritage and urban tourism: Historic city centres under pressure. Sustainability. 9(8). 1346. pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081346
HARDIMAN, N. – BURGIN, S. (2013): World Heritage Area listing of the Greater Blue Mountains – Did it make a difference to visitation? Tourism Management Perspectives. 6. pp. 63–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.12.002
HIDALGO-FERNÁNDEZ, A. – HERNÁNDEZ-ROJAS, R. – JIMBER DEL RÍO, J. A. – CASAS-ROSAL, J. C. (2019): Tourist Motivations and Satisfaction in the Archaeological Ensemble of Madinat Al-Zahra. Sustainability. 11(5). 1380. pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051380
IAȚU, C. – IBĂNESCU, B. C. – STOLERIU, O. M. – MUNTEANU, A. (2018): The WHS Designation – A Factor of Sustainable Tourism Growth for Romanian Rural Areas? Sustainability. 10(3). 626. pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030626
JANCSIK A. (2014): Kultúra és versenyképesség a turizmusban. In: Jászberényi M. (szerk.): A kulturális turizmus sokszínűsége. Nemzeti Közszolgálati és Tankönyv Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 46 – 64.
JÁSZBERÉNYI M. (szerk.) (2014): A kulturális turizmus sokszínűsége. Nemzeti Közszolgálati és Tankönyv Kiadó, Budapest.
LWOGA, N. B. (2018). Heritage proximity, attitudes to tourism impacts and residents’ support for heritage tourism in Kaole Site, Tanzania. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series. 42(42). pp. 163 –181. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2018-0037
MARKHAM, A. – OSIPOVA, E. – LAFRENZ SAMUELS, K. – CALDAS, A.(2016): World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate.United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France.
MICHALKÓ G. (2007): A turizmuselmélet alapjai.Kodolányi János Főiskola, Székesfehérvár.
PEARCE, D. G.(2004): Alternative tourism: concepts, classifications, and questions. In: Williams, S. (ed): Tourism: Critical Concepts in he Soci Sciences. Volume IV. New Directions and Alternative Tourism. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London–New York. pp. 171–188.
PINO, J. M. (2018): The New Holistic Paradigm and the Sustainability of Historic Cities in Spain: An Approach Based on the World Heritage Cities. Sustainability. 10(7). 2301. pp. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390=su10072301
ROH, T. S. – BAK, S. – MIN, C. (2015): Do UNESCO Heritages Attract More Tourists? World Journal of Management. 6(1). pp. 193–200. https://doi.org/10.21102/wjm.2015.03.61.15
SIRAKAYA, E. – SASIDHARAN, V. – SÖNMEZ, S. (1999): Redefining Ecotourism: The Need for a Supply Side View. Journal of Travel Research. 38(2). pp. 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759903800210
SU, Y.-W. – LIN, H.-L. (2014): Analysis of international tourist arrivals worldwide: The role of world heritage sites. Tourism Management. 40. pp. 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.04.005
TÓTH É. – POÓR J. (2019): Az ökoturizmus kifejezés értelmezése. Hogy fogalmaz a szakma és a fiatal generáció? Lépések. 24(2). (76). pp. 18–19.
UNESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2018): World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. Online edition. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/b9e995fe-en
UNESCO (2010): Világörökség. Az emberiség kulturális és természeti értékei. Partvonal Könyvkiadó, Budapest.
VEGHEȘ, C. (2018):Cultural Heritage, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Growth: Global Lessons for the Local Communities Under a Marketing Approach. European Journal of Sustainable Development. 7(4). pp. 349–360. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2018.v7n4p349
VUJKO, A. – PETROVIĆ, M. D. – GOSTOVIĆ, D. – R ADOVANOVIĆ, M. – VUKOVIĆ, D.(2018): The Role of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Development – Residents’ Perceptions in Subotica (Northern Serbia). Deturope. 10(2). pp. 112–123.
WEAVER, D. B. – LAWTON, L. (1999): Sustainable tourism: a critical analysis. Pacific Asia travel Association (PATA), Bangkok, Thailand.
WEAVER, D. B. – LAWTON, L. J. (2007):Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management.28(5). pp. 1168–1179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.004
WORLD BANK (2014): World Development Report 2014. Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9903-3
WUEPPER, D. (2016): What is the value of world heritage status for a German national park? A choice experiment from Jasmund, 1 year after inscription. Tourism Economics. 23(5). pp. 1114–1123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816616655958
ZIFFER, K. A.(1989): Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Washington, DC. Conservation International and Ernst & Young.
Internetes források
PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association) (2015): The role of culture and heritage tourism in building the Visitor Economy – and beyond. The connected visitor economy. VE Bulletin. https://www.flipsnack.com/pata2014/the-connected-visitor-economy-bulletin-3rd-edition-2015.html, Letöltve: 2019. február 5.
PLC (Partners for Livable Communities) (2014): Cultural Heritage Tourism. www.livable.org, Letöltve: 2019. február 5.
UNESCO (2019): UNESCO World Heritage sites listing. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/stat/, Letöltve: 2019. február 1.
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2015, 2017): The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index Dataset 2015/2017. World Economic Forum, Geneva. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR17_data_for_download.xlsx, Letöltve: 2018. november 15.
