Chinese VFR Tourism in Budapest: Hosts and Guests
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2022v22n3.2Keywords:
visiting friends and relatives, VFR tourism, VFR host, host-guest relationship, Chinese VFR, Chinese migrationAbstract
Over the last few years, there has been a dynamic growth of Chinese tourism in the Central and Eastern European region, in which Hungary has become significant. The biggest Asian ethnic group in Hungary is the Chinese, being also involved in maintaining VFR tourism. In order to learn the role of the Chinese diaspora living in Hungary in VFR tourism, we used an online questionnaire (N = 202) among the Chinese community. The research results support that the migration of Chinese arriving in Hungary is closely connected to VFR tourism. The Chinese VFR host plays a key role in travel (hospitality, tour guide approach), where immigrants settled in Hungary before EU accession (2004) take a more active role in generating tourims demand in Hungary. This article is based on the research results of the author’s Master thesis on tourism management at the Corvinus University of Budapest.
References
ACKER, E. – KING, B. (2015): VFR travel Research: International perspectives. Channel View Publications, Bristol, UK.
BACKER, E. – LEISCH, F. – DOLNICAR, S. (2017): Visiting friends or relatives? Tourism Management. 60. pp. 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.007
BACKER, E. (2007): VFR travel: an examination of the expenditures of VFR travellers and their hosts. Current Issues in Tourism. 10(4). pp. 366–377. http://doi.org/10.2167/cit277.0
BACKER, E. (2010a): Opportunities for commercial accommodation in VFR travel. International Journal of Tourism Research. 12(4). pp. 334–354. http://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.754
BACKER, E. (2010b): VFR travelers: How long are they staying? Tourism Review International. 14(2- 3). pp. 61–70. http://doi.org/10.3727/154427211X13044361606252
BACKER, E. (2011): VFR travellers of the future. In: Yeoman, I. – Hsu, C. – Smith, K. – Watson, S. (eds): Tourism and demography. Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford. pp. 74–84.
BAI, K. – QU, Y. (2017): Interaction of VFR Tourists and Their Hosts from the View of Social Relationship: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework. (社会关系视域下的 VFR 旅游主体互动：研究综述与理论框架). https://doi.org/10.12054/lydk.bisu.6
BECK, F. – KNYIHÁR, E. – SZABÓ, L. (2021): Chinese „Golden Visa” Migrants in Budapest. Global Dialogue. 11(1). pp. 28–29.
BELL, M. – WARD, G. (2000): Comparing temporary mobility with permanent migration. Tourism Geographies. 2(1). pp. 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166800363466
BULL, A. (1995): The Economics of Travel and Tourism. 2nd edition. Longman, Melbourne.
BUTLER, R. (2003): Relationships Between Tourism and Diasporas Influences and Patterns. Espace, populations, sociétès. 21(2). pp. 317–326. https://doi.org/10.3406/espos.2003.2084
DENMAN, R. (1988): A Response to the VFR Market: A Response to the English Tourist Board and Regional Tourist Boards. Tourism RMD, England.
GOLD, T. – DOUG, G. – WANK, D. (2002): Social connections in China. Institutions, culture and the changing nature of guanxi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499579
GRIFFIN, T. (2013): Research note: A content analysis of articles on visiting friends and relatives tourism, 1990–2010. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. 22(7). pp. 781–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.708960
GYULAVÁRI T. – MITEV A. Z. – NEULINGER Á. – NEUMANN-BÓDI E. – SIMON J. – SZŰCS K. (2015): A marketingkutatás alapjai. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630598880
GYURIS F. (2007): A kínaiak migrációja. In: L. Rédei M. (szerk.): Mozgásban a világ. A nemzetközi migráció földrajza. Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 313–346.
HINEK M. (2020): A turizmus közvetlen hozzájárulása a magyar gazdaság teljesítményéhez: a Turizmus Szatellit Számlák fejlesztésének alternatívái. Turizmus Bulletin. 20. Különszám. pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.14267/turbull.2020v20n4.4
HUANG, W. – KING, B. – SUNTIKUL, W. (2017): VFR tourism and the tourist gaze: overseas migrant perceptions of home. International Journal of Tourism Research. 19(4). pp. 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2104
HWUANG, K. G. (1987): Face and favor: the Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology. 92(4). pp. 944–974. https://doi.org/10.1086/228588
IRIMIÁS A. (2008): „A Budapesten élő kínai közösség” („The Chinese living in Budapest”), Földrajzi Értesítő. 57(3–4). pp. 469–484.
IRIMIÁS A. (2009): Az új kínai migráció – a Budapesten élő kínai közösség. Statisztikai Szemle. 87(7–8). pp. 828–847.
IRIMIÁS A. (2013): A Budapesten élő kínai bevándorlók utazási mintái (Traveling patterns of Chinese immigrants living in Budapest). Journal of China Tourism Research. 9(2). pp. 180– 190. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2013.784169
JACKSON, R. T. (1990): VFR tourism: Is it underestimated? Journal of Tourism Studies. 1(2). pp. 10–17.
JACKSON, R. T. (2003): VFR tourism: Is it underestimated? (original 1990 article reprinted) Journal of Tourism Studies. 14(1). pp. 17–24.
KING, B. E. M. – GAMAGE, M. A. (1994): Measuring the Value of the Ethnic Connection: Expatriate Travelers from Australia to Sri Lanka. Journal of Travel Research. 33(2). pp. 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403300208
LEHTO, X. Y. – MORRISON, A. M. – O’LEARY, J. T. (2001): Does the visiting friends and relatives typology make a difference? A study of the international VFR market to the United States. Journal of Travel Research. 40(2). pp. 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750104000211
LI, T. E. – McKERCHER, B. (2016): Developing a typology of diaspora tourists: Return travel by Chinese immigrants in North America. Tourism Management. 56. pp. 106–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.04.001.
LI, T. E. (2019): Guanxi or weak ties? Exploring Chinese diaspora tourists’ engagements in social capital building. Current Issues in Tourism. pp. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1578340
MA, T. – HEYWOOD, A. – MacINTYRE, C. R. (2020): Travel health seeking behaviors, masks, vaccines and outbreak awareness of Australian Chinese travellers visiting friends and relatives – Implications for control of Covid–19. Infection, disease and health. 26(1). pp. 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.08.007
MacEACHERN, M. – DONGKOO, Y. – MacDONALD, R. – HENNESSEY, S. (2007): Characteristics of the Visiting Friends and Relatives Markets in Prince Edward Island: A Longitudinal Approach. TTRA Annual Conference Proceedings. pp. 195–201.
MALHOTRA, N. K. – SIMON J. (2016): Marketingkutatás. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630598675
McKERCHER, B. (1994): Report on a Study of Host Involvement in VFR Travel to Albury Wodonga. Tourism Albury Wodonga.
McKERCHER, B. (1995): An examination of host involvement in VFR Travel. Proceedings of the National Tourism and Hospitality Conference 1995. Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education. pp. 246–255.
MEIS, S. – JOYAL, S. – TRITES, A. (1995): The U.S. repeat and VFR visitor to Canada: Come again eh! Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 27–37.
MICHALKÓ G. – ILYÉS N. (2020): A nemkonvencionális turisztikai mobilitás magyarországi sajátosságai, különös tekintettel a turizmusból származó bevételek növelésének lehetőségére. Turizmus Bulletin. 20. Különszám. pp. 6–18. https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2020v20n4.1
MICHALKÓ G. – RÁTZ T. (2013): Rejtett dimenziók a Kárpát-medence turizmusában. In: Frisnyák S. – Gál A. (szerk.): Kárpát-medence: társadalom, gazdaság. Bocskai István Gimnázium Nyíregyházi Főiskola Turizmus és Földrajztudományi Intézete, Nyíregyháza, Szerencs. pp. 463–476.
MICHALKÓ G. (2009): A turizmus mint a bevándorlás előszobája (Tourism as the entrance hall of migration). In: Illés S. (ed): Hungary’s attraction. Research Report. 85. pp. 129–159.
MICHALKÓ G. (2012): Turizmológia: elméleti alapok. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.17649/TET.27.1.2504
MITEV A. (2019): Kutatásmódszertan a turizmusban. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634544135
MORRISON, A. M. – HSIEH, S. – O’LEARY, J. T. (1995b): Segmenting the visiting friends and relatives market by holiday activity participation. Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 48–63.
MORRISON, A. M. – O’LEARY, J. T. (1995a): The VFR market: Desperately seeking respect. Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 2–5.
MORRISON, A. M. – WOODS, B. – PEARCE, P. – MOSCARDO, G. – SUNG, H. (2000): Marketing to the visiting friends and relatives segment: An international analysis. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 6(2). pp. 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670000600202
NYÍRI P. (1996): Magyarország helye a kínai világkereskedelmi hálózatban. In: Sik E. (szerk.): Táborlakók, diaszpórák, politikák. MTA, Budapest. pp. 130–138.
NYÍRI P. (2000): Párhuzamos globalizáció. Kínaiak Magyarországon. In: Kovács J. M. (szerk.): A zárva várt Nyugat: Kulturális globalizáció Magyarországon. Sík Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 15–28.
NYÍRI P. (2006): Transznacionalitás és a közvetítő kisebbség-modell: kínai vállalkozók Magyarországon. In: Kirby, W. C. – Leutner, M. – Mühlhahn, K. (eds): Global Conjectures: China in Transnational Perspective. Münster: LIT. pp. 73–91.
OSTROWSKI, S. (1991): Ethnic Tourism – Focus on Poland. Tourism Management. 12(2). pp. 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(91)90067-4
PACI, E. (1994): The major international VFR markets. Travel & Tourism Analyst. 6. pp. 36–50.
PROVENZANO, D. – BAGGIO, R. (2017): The contribution of human migration to tourism: the VFR travel between the EU28 member states. International Journal of Tourism Research. 19(4). pp. 412–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2127
SÁRI L. (2020): Dilettánsok történelme. Honnan ered nyugat és kelet elhibázott viszonya? Corvina Kiadó, Budapest.
SEATON, A. V. (1994): Are relatives friends? Reassessing the VFR category in segmenting tourism markets. In: Seaton, A. V. (ed): Tourism: The State of the Art. Chichester, Wiley. pp. 316–321.
SEATON, A. V. – PALMER, C. (1997): Understanding VFR tourism behaviour: The first five years of the United Kingdom tourism survey. Tourism Management. 18(6). pp. 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(97)00033-2
SEATON, A. V. – TAGG, S. (1995): Disaggregating friends and relatives in VFR tourism research: The Northern Ireland evidence 1991–1993. Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 6–18.
WILLIAMS, A. M. (2013): Travel and migration. In: The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm547
WILLIAMS, A. M. – KING, R. – WARNES, A. M. – PATTERSON, G. (2000): Tourism and retirement migration: new forms of an old relationship in Southern Europe. Tourism Geographies. 3(1). pp. 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166800363439
YOUNG, C. – CORSUN, D. – BALOGLU, S. (2007): A Taxonomy of Hosts: Visiting Friends and Relatives. Annals of Tourism Research. 34(2). pp. 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.12.003
YOUSUF, M. – BACKER, E. (2016): Hosting friends versus hosting relatives: Is blood thicker than water? International Journal of Tourism Research. 19(4). pp. 435–446. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2098
YUAN, T-F. – FRIDGEM, J. D. – HSIEH, S. – O’LEARY, J. T. (1995): Visiting friends and relatives travel market: The Dutch case. Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 19–26.
ZÁTORI, A. – MICHALKÓ, G. – NAGY, J. T. – KULCSÁR, N. – BALIZS, D. (2019): The tourist experience of domestic VFR travellers: the case of Hungary. Current Issues in Tourism. 22(12). pp. 1437–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1371117
Internetes források
CHINA STATISTICAL YEARBOOK (2021): Basic Statistics on National Population Census in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. stats.gov.cn, Letöltve: 2022. január 10.
KSH (2021a): Magyarországon tartózkodó külföldi állampolgárok földrészek, országok és nemek szerint, január 1. (1995-). https://www.ksh.hu/ docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_eves/i_wnvn001b. html, Letöltve: 2021. december 17.
KSH (2021b): A bevándorló külföldi állampolgárok földrészek és országok szerint (2000-). https://www. ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_eves/i_wnvn005b.html?down=86.15351867675781, Letöltve: 2021. december 17.
KSH (2021c): Háztartás, család. http://demografia. hu/hu/tudastar/fogalomtar/25-haztartas, Letöltve: 2022. január 10.
WORLD BANK (2021a): World Development Indicators: Population dynamics. http://wdi. worldbank.org/table/2.1, Letöltve: 2021. december 17.
WORLD BANK (2021b): International tourism, number of departures – China. https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/ST.INT.DPRT?locations=CN, Letöltve: 2021. december 19
