Foreword

Abstract

Unfortunately, in 2025 as well, reports have appeared repeatedly in both the domestic and international press about abuses involving public funds, embezzlement, corruption, bribery, public procurement fraud, conflicts of interest, and, nota bene, the concealment of public debt. Public assets can only be misused for private gain in an irregular manner where and when the use of public funds is non-transparent and
chaotic, where internal controls are absent or malfunctioning, where the protection
of public assets is inadequate, and where accountability mechanisms are insufficient.
The continuous fight against violations of the law can only be successful if authorities
act with sufficient rigor both domestically (see our first study) and internationally (see our second and third studies), that is, if they take a global approach against those who violate competition rules.