A turizmus láthatatlanságának paradoxona: kommunikációs kihívások
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14267/TURBULL.2017v17n3-4.4Kulcsszavak:
láthatatlan turizmus, mérhetőség, VFR, desztináció, kommunikációAbsztrakt
A terület komplexitásából adódóan már a turizmus fogalmának meghatározása, modellezése is akkor járhat sikerrel, ha azt több nézőpontból közelítjük meg. Különösen igaz ez a láthatatlan, vagy rejtett, kevéssé mérhető jelenségekre, amelyek egy-egy turisztikai desztinációban tapasztalhatók. Jelen kutatás célja annak megértése, hogy mennyiben képes egy turisztikai fogadóterület a kommunikáció eszközeit használva felfedni ezeket. A turizmus téma-specifikus leszűkítésétől indulva, egy egyszerűbb és egy kiterjesztett szálon, párhuzamosan építkezik a tanulmány. Számos módszer tesz kísérletet a láthatatlan turizmus ha nem is teljes körű, de legalább részleges mérésére, ahogyan többek között az itt közölt esettanulmány.
Hivatkozások
ANHOLT, S. (2002): Handbook on Tourism Destination Branding. ETC – UNWTO, xii. Fig. 1.
BACKER, E. (2008): VFR Travel – the forgotten tourism marketing opportunity. School of Business. University of Ballarat. Victoria. pp. 1-5.
BENNETT, O. (1999): Destination Marketing into the next century. Journal of Vacation Marketing.6(1). pp. 48-54.
BÓDIS G. (2016): Hospitality 2.0 – Luxusszolgáltatások továbbgondolva a 21. században. . Turizmus Online. http://turizmusonline.hu/hotel-szalloda/cikk/hospitality_2_0__luxusz-szolgaltatasok_tovabbgondolva_a_21__szazad-ban, Letöltve: 2017. október 12.
BÓDIS G. (2018): Mind the Gap – kreatív turisztikai coaching. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
BRAUNLICH, C. – NADKARNI, N. (1995): The Importance of the VFR Market to the Hotel Industry. The Journal of Tourism Studies. 6(1). pp. 3 8 - 4 7.
BUHALIS, D. (2000): Marketing: The competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management.21(1). pp. 97-116.
BURKART, A. – MEDLIK, S. (1981): Tourism, Past, Present and Future. Butterworth Heinemann, London.
CISMARU, L. – IUNIUS, R. (2015): Rural tourist destinations and the tourists of Generation Y. In: Paduraru, T. – Tacu, G. – Ungureanu, D. – Talaba, I. (eds): Romanian Rural Tourism in the Context of Sustainable Development. Present and Future Perspective. PIM Publication, Iasi, Romania.
COHEN, E. (1972): Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research. 39(1). pp. 164-182.
COOPER, A. – WILSON, A. (2002): Extending the relevance for TSA research for the UK. Tourism Economics. 8(1). pp. 5-38.
COOPER, C. (2008): Destination Trends. In: Cooper, C. – Fletcher, J. – Fyall, A. – Gilbert, D. – Wanhill, S. (eds): Tourism. Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. pp. 481-483.
CROMPTON, J. L. (1979): Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research. 6. pp. 408-424.
De CANTIS, S. – PARROCO, A. M. – FERRANTE, M. – VACCINA, F. (2015): Unobserved Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 50. pp. 1-18.
De CANTIS, S. (2015): Unobserved Tourism, Palermo. Annals of Tourism Research. 50. pp. 1-18.
DWYER, L. – KIM, C. (2010): Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issues in Tourism. 6(5). pp. 369-414.
EAGLES, P. F. J. (2007): Visitor Monitoring in nature areas – a manual based on experiences from the Nordic and Baltic countries. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm.
EDWARDS , E . (1991): The reliability of tourism statistics. EIU Travel and Tourism Analyst. 1. pp. 62-75.
ENRIGHT, M. J. – NEWTON, J. (2004): Tourism destination competitiveness: a quantitative approach. Tourism Management. 25(6). pp. 777-788.
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2011): Regulation (EU) No. 692/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2011 concerning European statistics on tourism and repealing Council Directive 95/57/EC. Official Journal of the European Union. L 192. pp. 17-32.
FRANKLIN, A. S. – CRANG, M. (2001): The trouble with tourism and the travel theory. Tourist Studies. 1(1). pp. 5-22.
HUTNIK, N. (1991): Ethnic Minority Identity: A Social Psychological Perspective. Clarendon, Oxford.
JACKSON, E. L. (1993): Recognising patterns of leisure constraints: results from alternative analyses. Journal of Leisure Research. 25(2). pp. 129-149.
JHA, D. (2016): Guest Engagement in Luxury Hospitality. Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Science Café. Előadás – 2016. október 24. http://gazdalkodastudomany.uni-corvinus.hu/index.php?id=60636, Letöltve: 2016. október 28.
KELLY, J. – WILLIAMS, P. W. – SCHIEVEN, A. – DUNN, I. (2006): Toward a destination visitor attendance estimation model: Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Travel Research. 44(4). pp. 449-456.
KING, J. (2002): Destination Marketing Organisations – Connecting the experience rather than promoting the place. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 8(2). pp. 105-108.
KLEMM, M. (2002): Tourism and ethnic minorities in Bradford: the invisible segment. Journal of Travel Research. 41. pp. 85-91.
LAM, C. – MCKERCHER, B. (2013): The tourism data gap: The utility of official tourism information for the hospitality and tourism industry. Tourism Management Perspectives. 6. pp. 82-94.
LEIPER, N. (1989): Main destination ratios: Analyses of tourist flows. Annals of Tourism Research.16(4). pp. 530-541.
LICKORISH, L. J. (1997): Travel statistics – the slow move forward. Tourism Management. 18(8). pp. 491-497.
LUE, C. C. (1996): Evidence of cumulative attraction in multidestination recreational trip decisions. Journal of Travel Research. 20(35). pp. 41-49.
MASSIEU, A. (2001): A system of tourism statistics (STS): scope and content. In: Lennon, J. J. (ed): Tourism Statistics, International perspectives and current issues. Continuum,London. pp. 3-13.
MASSIEU, A. (2009): Developing tourism statistics at the subnational level: the measurement of flows trips and visitors. In Department of Statistics and Economic Measurement of Tourism. Enzo Paci papers on measuring the economic significance of tourism. 6. WTO, Madrid. pp. 3-32.
MEIS, S. (2001): Towards comparative studies in tourism satellite accounts. In: Lennon, J. J. (ed): Tourism Statistics, International perspectives and current issues. Continuum,London. pp. 14-23.
MICHALKÓ G. – KULCSÁR N. – BALIZS D. – NAGY J. (2014): A belföldi VFR-turisták magatartásnak sajátosságai Magyarországon, különös tekintettel a szabadidős tevékenységek földrajzi vonatkozásaira. Turizmus Bulletin. 16(3-4). pp. 9-14.
MOU FAKKIR, O. (2011): Diaspora Tourism: Using a mixed-mode survey design to document tourism behaviour and constraints of people of Turkish extraction resident in Germany. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 17(3). pp. 209-223.
OECD (1996): OECD tourism statistics: Design and applications for policy. OECD, Paris.
OPPERMANN, M. (1993): First time and repeat visitors to New Zealand. Tourism management.18(3). pp. 177-181.
OPPERMANN, M. (1995): A model of travel itineraries. Journal of Travel Research. 33. pp. 57-61.
PAPP, ZS. – RAFFAY, Á. (2011): Factors influencing the tourism competitiveness of former socialist countries. Human Geographies. 5.2. pp. 21-30.
PARROCO, A. M. – VACCINA, F. – De CANTIS, S. – FERRANTE, M. (2012): Multi-destination trips and tourism statistics: empirical evidences in Sicily. Economics,The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal. 6.(2012-44). pp. 1-27.
PEARCE, D. (1995): Tourism today. A geographical analysis. Longman, Harlow.
PORTER, M. E. (1990): The competitive advantage of nations. Free Press, New York.
RITCHIE, J. R. B – CROUCH, G. (2003): The Competitive Destination:A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. CABI, Oxford, UK.
RITCHIE, J. R. B. – CROUCH, G. (2005): Conceptual model of destination competitiveness, Fig. 62. The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. CABI, Oxford.
RITCHIE, J. R. B. (1975): Some critical aspects of measurement theory and practice in travel research. Journal of Travel Research. 14(1). pp. 1-10.
SMALE, B. (2011): A comparison of selected systematic sampling procedures in accurately estimating recreation participation. Leisure/Loisir.35(4). pp. 471-480.
STODOLSKA, M. (2005): Implications of the conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behaviour for discrimination in leisure settings. Leisure Sciences. 27. pp. 59-74.
TERRIER, C. (2008): Tourist flows and inflows: on measuring instruments and the geomathematics of flows. In: Bonnel, P. – Lee-Gosselin, M. – Zmud, J. – Madre, J-L. (eds): Transport Survey Methods – keeping up with a changing world.Emerald. pp. 219-242.
UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organisation) (2010): International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics. Studies in methods, series M, 83, United Nations New York.
VACCINA , F. (2011): Unobserved tourism: Approaches and case studies in Sicily. Proceedings of the TTRA Europe 2011 and AFM conference, 11-13 April.
VOLO, S. – GIAMBALVO, O. (2008): Tourism Statistics: Methodological imperatives and difficulties: the case of residential tourism in island communities. Current Issues in Tourism. 11(4). pp. 369-380.
WANG, D. (2004): Tourist behaviour and repeat visitation to Hong Kong. Tourism Geographies.6(1). pp. 99-118.
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2017): www.weforum.org/reports/the-travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017, Letöltve: 2017. december 15.
WÖBER, K. W. (2000): Standardizing city tourism statistics. Annals of Tourism Research. 27(1). pp. 51-68.
WTO (World Tourism Organisation) (1989): The Hague Declaration. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/abs/10.18111/unwtodeclarations.1989.15.4.1, Letöltve: 2017. december 10.
WTO (World Tourism Organisation) (1994): Recommendations on Tourism Statistics. WTO, Madrid.
WTO (World Tourism Organisation) (1995): Technical Manual: The Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics. N. 2. WTO, Madrid.
WTO (World Tourism Organisation) (1998): A Satellite Account for Tourism. 4th draft. WTO, Madrid.
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council) (2017): Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2017, World. https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/regions-2017/world2017.pdf, Letöltve: 2017. december 10.
