The impact of convergence of inequalities in the European Union since 2004
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35551/PFQ_2023_2_2Keywords:
catching up, inequalities, EU, convergence, O11, O52, R11Abstract
On the basis of a complex methodology,the study shows that territorial disparities in the European Union have been decreasing since 2004, and, at the same time, examines the claim that the intense development and convergence of countries go hand in hand with regional divergences within these countries (at NUTS2 level). The results show that convergence occurred mainly during the recovery phases between crises causing significant downturns, and the development and catching-up tendencies of convergence countries have also contributed to that. While inequalities have been reduced in the EU, there seem to be increasing gaps between countries and regions, with the top performing better and better, while other countries and regions are becoming poorer compared to the average. When examining regional disparities within countries, divergence was mainly found in convergence countries and above- average performers achieving outstanding development.
References
Barant, P. (1957). The Political Economy of Growth, Monthly Review Press, New York and London, 308. p
Barro, R., Sala-i-Martin, X. (1991). Convergence across states and regions. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 22(1), pp. 107-182. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534639
Bernard, A., Durlauf, S. (1996). Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis.
Journal of Econometrics 71, pp. 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01699-2
Cobham, A., Schlogl, L., Sumner, A. (2015). Inequality and the Tails: The Palma
Proposition and Ratio Revisited. UNITED NATIONS Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, DESA Working Paper No. 143 ST/ESA/2015/DWP/143, p. 19 https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12320
Conceição, P., Ferreira, P. (2000). The Young Person’s Guide to the Theil Index:
Suggesting Intuitive Interpretations and Exploring Analytical Applications. UTIP
Working Paper Number 14, February 29, 2000, p. 54. https://utip.gov.utexas.edu/papers/utip_14.pdf
Costa, R. N., Pérez-Duarte, S. (2019). Not all inequality measures were created equal. The measurement of wealth inequality, its decompositions, and an application to European household wealth. European Central Bank, Statistics Paper Series, No 31/ December 2019. p. 56. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2866/957288
Dedák, I., Dombi, Á. (2009). Konvergencia és növekedési ütem. Közgazdasági Szemle, LVI. évf., 2009. január, 19-45. o. http://www.epa.hu/00000/00017/00155/pdf/02.pdf
EC (2000). Real convergence and catching-up in the EU. European Comission: European Economy. Chapter 5, 173–207. o. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/pages/publication1716_en.pdf
Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal Exchange: A Study of the Imperialism of Trade. Monthly Review Press, New York and London
Eurostat adatbázisa (2022a). GDP per capita in PPS. Online kód: TEC00114 utolsó frissítés: 24/06/2022
Eurostat adatbázisa (2022b). Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions. Online kód: nama_10r_2gdp utolsó frissítés: 18-04-2022
Eurostat adatbázisa (2022c). Population on 1 January by age group, sex and NUTS2 region. Online kód: demo_r_pjangroup utolsó frissítés: 02-06-2022
Faragó, L. (2016). Társadalmi-területi egyenlőtlenségek. Tér és Társadalom. 2016/3. szám. 118-123. old. https://doi.org/10.17649/TET.30.3.2803
Ferkelt, B. (2020). A Gazdasági és Monetáris Unió és a gazdasági kormányzás. In: Kengyel, Á. (szerk.) Európai uniós politikák. Budapest, Magyarország: Akadémiai Kiadó (2020) 764 p. pp. 263-298. Paper: 6. fejezet, 36 p. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634545422
Friedmann, J. (1966). Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela. MIT Press, Cambridge, p. 279.
Friedman, M. (1992). Do old fallacies ever die? Journal of Economic Literature 30, 2129--2132. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2727976
Furtado, C. (1971). External Dependence and Economic Theory. IDEP. Repr. 272, Dakar https://hdl.handle.net/10855/42263
Gilbert, A. (1985). An Unequal World: the Links Between Rich and Poor Nations. MacMillan, London, 51. p.
Hall, P., Preston, P. (1988). The Carrier Wave. New Information Technology and the Geography of Innovation, 1846-2003. Unwin Hyman, London
Halmai, P. (2014). Krízis és növekedés az Európai Unióban, európai modell, strukturális reformok. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, p. 370 https://doi.org/10.1556/9789630597906
Halmai, P. (2019). Konvergencia és felzárkózás az euróövezetben. Közgazdasági Szemle, LXVI. évf., 2019. június, pp. 687-712. http://dx.doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2019.6.687
Hirschman, A. O. (1958). The Strategy of Economic Development. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 195-217.
Kengyel, Á. (2020). Európai uniós politikák. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, p. 764. https://doi.org/10.1556/9789634545422
Kertész, K. (2022a). A nemzetgazdasági konvergencia mozgatórugói az Európai
Unióban. Közgazdasági Szemle, LXIX. évf. 7–8. sz. pp. 962–980. http://doi.
org/10.18414/KSZ.2022.7-8.962
Kertész, K. (2022b). A nemzetgazdasági és regionális konvergencia mozgatórugói és váltómozgása az Európai Unióban. Közgazdasági Szemle, LXIX. évf., 2022. szeptember, pp. 1073–1097. https://doi.org/10.18414/KSZ.2022.9.1073
Lackó, L. (1988). Területi fejlődés, politika, tervezés, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, p. 195
Laurini, M. (2007). A note on the use of quantile regression in beta convergence analysis. Economics Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 52 pp. 1-8. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ebl/ecbull/eb-07c50003.html
Lipietz, A. (1986). Behind the Crisis: The Exhaustion of a Regime of Accumulation.
A “regulation school” perspective on some French empirical works. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 18 (1&2): pp. 13-32 https://doi.org/10.1177/048661348601800102
Losoncz, M. (2016). Magyarország az EU-ban – elszalasztott lehetőségek a felzárkózásban. In. Koller, B., Marsai, V. (szerk.): Magyarország Európában, Európa a világban. Tanulmánykötet Gazdag Ferenc 70. születésnapjára. Dialóg Campus Kiadó. Budapest. 301-314. old.
Lucas, R. (1988): On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1988) pp. 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Major, K., Nemes Nagy, J. (1999). Területi jövedelemegyenlőtlenségek a kilencvenes években. Statisztikai Szemle, 77, pp. 397-421.
Myrdal, G. (1957). Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, Duckworth&-
Co., London
Nemes Nagy, J. (1987). A regionális gazdasági fejlődés összehasonlító vizsgálata. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 217. o.
Nemes Nagy, J. (2005). Regionális elemzési módszerek. ELTE TTK Regionális Földrajzi Tanszék, MTA-ELTE Regionális Tudományi Kutatócsoport, Budapest, 284 p. http://geogr.elte.hu/REF/REF_Kiadvanyok/REF_RTT_11/RTT-11-tartalom.htm
Oblath, G. (2013). Hány év múlva? – A konvergencia természetéről és időigényéről. Statisztikai Szemle, 91. évfolyam 10. szám, 925-946. old.
Ohlin, B. (1933). Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 170 issue, pp. 171-173.
Paelinck, J. (1970). Dynamic urban growth models. Papers of the Regional Science Association 24, pp. 24–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01936873
Prebisch, R. (1971). Change and Development – Latin America’s Great Task. New York, Washington, London, Praeger, 4(1), 134-136.
Quah, D. (1993). Galton’s fallacy and tests of convergence hypothesis, Scandinavian Journal of Economics 95(4), pp. 427-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440905
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996). The Classical Approach to Convergence Analysis. The Economic Journal, Vol. 106, No. 437 (Jul., 1996), pp. 1019-1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2235375
Schumpeter, J.A., 1934 (2008). The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, translated from the German by Redvers Opie, New Brunswick (U.S.A) and London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers
Sitthiyot, T., Holasut, K. (2020). A simple method for measuring inequality. Palgrave Communications, 6:112, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0484-6
Solow, R. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Romer, P. M. (1994). The Origins of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Number 1, Winter, pp. 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.1.3.
Todaro, P. M. (1997). Economics Development. Longman, London-New York, p. 719.
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World System. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic Press, New York–San Francisco–London, p. 440.
Williamson, J. G. (1965). Regional inequality and the process of national development: Adescription of the patterns. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 4., 3–84.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors assign copyright to Pénzügyi Szemle / Public Finance Quarterly. Authors are responsible for permission to reproduce copyright material from other sources.
